Geologists (also geophysicists and geochemists) are earth scientists who study the history and structure of the earth’s crust, as well as the rocks, minerals, and fossils that make up the ground beneath our feet.

Geologists study and analyze certain parts of the earth to identify its properties. They may find new oil fields and mineral deposits, and ways to access them, or conduct geological surveys. To do their work, they may create field maps, identify and examine rocks, drill into the ground, or use sophisticated imaging equipment. In the laboratory, geologists use x-rays, chemical solutions, and other techniques to analyze rocks and fossils.

Workplace: The majority of geologists work in the fossil fuel and mining industries. During most of the year, they have fairly regular work hours, working in offices, doing research and writing reports about their findings. Some of their time may also be spent in a lab to analyze soil and rock samples. Field work takes patience and stamina. Geologists may have to travel extensively in vehicles and on foot and live in tents or other rudimentary shelters for weeks on end. This type of work may be performed in foreign countries, in very remote areas.

Useful high school subjects: Algebra & Geometry, Calculus, Chemistry, Earth & Environmental Science, Physics, Social Studies, Computers

Post-secondary education: A university degree in geology, geochemistry, or geophysics is required. A master's or doctoral degree in geophysics, physics, mathematics or engineering may be required for employment as a geophysicist.

Salary: At the beginning of their career, most geologists earn between $35,000 and $55,000 a year, with the average salary for experienced geologists being between $65,000 and $75,000 a year. Chief geologists and high-level consultants can earn over $150,000 a year. A geologist’s earnings also depend on the amount of fieldwork that is done -- those willing to spend many months a year at isolated exploration sites can earn a great deal more. In fields such as the petroleum, mineral, and mining industries, geologists may be awarded with bonuses if they can find oil or precious materials.